Topicalization and focus movement have been discussed in literature with respect to a vriety of their properties. In Persian, syntactic objects within Tense Phrase, including phrasal arguments, may freely be displaced to a higher position and the reordering of these elements is mainly considered to be the result of discourse functional elements such as topic and focus. The present study is an effort to address the question of the formal motiviation of these movements, and their formalization within a feature-based system. Moreover, it tries to account for the surface position of subject in Persian, based on a VP shell analysis and the strength of Dfeature in this language. Thus one of the main contributions of this study is that the uninterpretable D-feature on the head of TP is strong in Persian and as a result, the structural subject has to move to the specifer position of its own clause. If this conclusion is on the right track, the scrambled elements cannot be raised to the specifer of TP, an alternative analysis to karimi (2005) who asserts that Persian lacks typical A-movement involving subjects. Following on from haegeman and Gueron (1999), the specifers of two functional heads, i.e. FocP and TopP, are proposed to be the landing sites of the scrambled elements out of TP. Finally, based on the notion of Minimal Domain (MD), it is argued that the scrambled elements are subject to fundamental principles of MP, including Minimal Link Condition.

In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation management on rice yield at transplanted (TP) farming a field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute (Mazandaran, Amol) during 2000-01 on rice, Tarom variety. The treatments included seven levels of irrigation managements. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Objectives of this study were improving water productivity (WPI and WPI+p) and get reasonable yield. Results indicated that there was a more significant difference in yield between treatments (α≤0.01). Maximum paddy yield was for T1 (whole submerged soil: 5 cm water) with 4373kg ha-1and minimum paddy yield was for T7 (saturated soil during whole growth season) with 3943kg ha-1. Amounts of WPI+p and WPI for T7 were 6.1 and 7kg mm-1respectively. At T7 treatment with 42 percent reduction of water use, only 10 percent decreased paddy grain yield. Results showed that it is not necessary to maintain the rice field submerged in whole growth period. Using this method it is possible to increase productivity of irrigated field and deficit irrigation method can be applied without noticeable yield reduction.  

The purpose of this paper is to provide a minimalist account of case and agreement within Azeri Turkish DPs. The DP-internal case and agreement in Azeri Turkish has direct bearing on the structural parallelism across syntactic projections of different categories. In comparison to TP-internal agreement, DP-internal agreement has been less studied due to the limited empirical domain in which the possessed-possessor agreement is attested cross-linguistically. However, in languages of the Finno-Ugric family, including Finnish and Hungarian, and the Turkic sub-family such Turkish and Sakha, agreement of the head noun with the possessor obtains in a robust fashion. Azeri Turkish, also called Azerbaijani, a language of the Oghuz branch of Turkic, spoken partly in Iran, displays possessed-possessor agreement within DPs: . . . .